Real-world optimization problems often require an external “modeling engine” that computes fitnesses or data that are then input to an objective function. These programs often have much longer ...

Risk prediction has been used in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease for >3 decades. Contemporary cardiovascular risk assessment relies on multivariable models, which integrate ...

There is an emerging convergence between atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and cancer, driven by shared risk factors and overlapping pathophysiologic mechanisms. Traditional factors, such as ...